fix(security): add SSRF protection to database tools and webhook delivery

apps/sim/app/api/mcp/servers/[id]/refresh/route.ts

@@ -192,7 +192,8 @@ export const POST = withMcpAuth<{ id: string }>('read')(
         )
       } catch (error) {
         connectionStatus = 'error'
-        lastError = error instanceof Error ? error.message : 'Connection test failed'
+        lastError =
+          error instanceof Error ? error.message.split('\n')[0].slice(0, 200) : 'Connection failed'
         logger.warn(`[${requestId}] Failed to connect to server ${serverId}:`, error)
       }
 

apps/sim/app/api/mcp/servers/test-connection/route.ts

@@ -41,6 +41,20 @@ interface TestConnectionResult {
   warnings?: string[]
 }
 
+/**
+ * Extracts a user-friendly error message from connection errors.
+ * Keeps diagnostic info (timeout, DNS, HTTP status) but strips
+ * verbose internals (Zod details, full response bodies, stack traces).
+ */
+function sanitizeConnectionError(error: unknown): string {
+  if (!(error instanceof Error)) {
+    return 'Unknown connection error'
+  }
+
+  const firstLine = error.message.split('\n')[0]
+  return firstLine.length > 200 ? `${firstLine.slice(0, 200)}...` : firstLine
+}
+
 /**
  * POST - Test connection to an MCP server before registering it
  */
@@ -137,8 +151,7 @@ export const POST = withMcpAuth('write')(
         } catch (toolError) {
           logger.warn(`[${requestId}] Connection established but could not list tools:`, toolError)
           result.success = false
-          const errorMessage = toolError instanceof Error ? toolError.message : 'Unknown error'
-          result.error = `Connection established but could not list tools: ${errorMessage}`
+          result.error = 'Connection established but could not list tools'
           result.warnings = result.warnings || []
           result.warnings.push(
             'Server connected but tool listing failed - connection may be incomplete'
@@ -163,11 +176,7 @@ export const POST = withMcpAuth('write')(
         logger.warn(`[${requestId}] MCP server test failed:`, error)
 
         result.success = false
-        if (error instanceof Error) {
-          result.error = error.message
-        } else {
-          result.error = 'Unknown connection error'
-        }
+        result.error = sanitizeConnectionError(error)
       } finally {
         if (client) {
           try {

apps/sim/app/api/mcp/tools/execute/route.ts

@@ -89,11 +89,12 @@ export const POST = withMcpAuth('read')(
           tool = tools.find((t) => t.name === toolName) ?? null
 
           if (!tool) {
+            logger.warn(`[${requestId}] Tool ${toolName} not found on server ${serverId}`, {
+              availableTools: tools.map((t) => t.name),
+            })
             return createMcpErrorResponse(
-              new Error(
-                `Tool ${toolName} not found on server ${serverId}. Available tools: ${tools.map((t) => t.name).join(', ')}`
-              ),
-              'Tool not found',
+              new Error('Tool not found'),
+              'Tool not found on the specified server',
               404
             )
           }

apps/sim/app/api/tools/a2a/cancel-task/route.ts

@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ export async function POST(request: NextRequest) {
     return NextResponse.json(
       {
         success: false,
-        error: error instanceof Error ? error.message : 'Failed to cancel task',
+        error: 'Failed to cancel task',
       },
       { status: 500 }
     )

apps/sim/app/api/tools/a2a/delete-push-notification/route.ts

@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ export async function POST(request: NextRequest) {
     return NextResponse.json(
       {
         success: false,
-        error: error instanceof Error ? error.message : 'Failed to delete push notification',
+        error: 'Failed to delete push notification',
       },
       { status: 500 }
     )

apps/sim/app/api/tools/a2a/get-agent-card/route.ts

@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ export async function POST(request: NextRequest) {
     return NextResponse.json(
       {
         success: false,
-        error: error instanceof Error ? error.message : 'Failed to fetch Agent Card',
+        error: 'Failed to fetch Agent Card',
       },
       { status: 500 }
     )

apps/sim/app/api/tools/a2a/get-push-notification/route.ts

@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ export async function POST(request: NextRequest) {
     return NextResponse.json(
       {
         success: false,
-        error: error instanceof Error ? error.message : 'Failed to get push notification',
+        error: 'Failed to get push notification',
       },
       { status: 500 }
     )

apps/sim/app/api/tools/a2a/get-task/route.ts

@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ export async function POST(request: NextRequest) {
     return NextResponse.json(
       {
         success: false,
-        error: error instanceof Error ? error.message : 'Failed to get task',
+        error: 'Failed to get task',
       },
       { status: 500 }
     )

apps/sim/app/api/tools/a2a/resubscribe/route.ts

@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ export async function POST(request: NextRequest) {
     return NextResponse.json(
       {
         success: false,
-        error: error instanceof Error ? error.message : 'Failed to resubscribe',
+        error: 'Failed to resubscribe',
       },
       { status: 500 }
     )

apps/sim/app/api/tools/a2a/send-message/route.ts

@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ export async function POST(request: NextRequest) {
       return NextResponse.json(
         {
           success: false,
-          error: `Failed to connect to agent: ${clientError instanceof Error ? clientError.message : 'Unknown error'}`,
+          error: 'Failed to connect to agent',
         },
         { status: 502 }
       )
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ export async function POST(request: NextRequest) {
       return NextResponse.json(
         {
           success: false,
-          error: `Failed to send message: ${sendError instanceof Error ? sendError.message : 'Unknown error'}`,
+          error: 'Failed to send message to agent',
         },
         { status: 502 }
       )
@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ export async function POST(request: NextRequest) {
     return NextResponse.json(
       {
         success: false,
-        error: error instanceof Error ? error.message : 'Internal server error',
+        error: 'Internal server error',
       },
       { status: 500 }
     )

apps/sim/app/api/tools/a2a/set-push-notification/route.ts

@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ export async function POST(request: NextRequest) {
     return NextResponse.json(
       {
         success: false,
-        error: error instanceof Error ? error.message : 'Failed to set push notification',
+        error: 'Failed to set push notification',
       },
       { status: 500 }
     )

apps/sim/app/api/tools/mongodb/utils.ts

@@ -1,7 +1,13 @@
 import { MongoClient } from 'mongodb'
+import { validateDatabaseHost } from '@/lib/core/security/input-validation.server'
 import type { MongoDBCollectionInfo, MongoDBConnectionConfig } from '@/tools/mongodb/types'
 
 export async function createMongoDBConnection(config: MongoDBConnectionConfig) {
+  const hostValidation = await validateDatabaseHost(config.host, 'host')
+  if (!hostValidation.isValid) {
+    throw new Error(hostValidation.error)
+  }
+
   const credentials =
     config.username && config.password
       ? `${encodeURIComponent(config.username)}:${encodeURIComponent(config.password)}@`

apps/sim/app/api/tools/mysql/utils.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import mysql from 'mysql2/promise'
+import { validateDatabaseHost } from '@/lib/core/security/input-validation.server'
 
 export interface MySQLConnectionConfig {
   host: string
@@ -10,6 +11,11 @@ export interface MySQLConnectionConfig {
 }
 
 export async function createMySQLConnection(config: MySQLConnectionConfig) {
+  const hostValidation = await validateDatabaseHost(config.host, 'host')
+  if (!hostValidation.isValid) {
+    throw new Error(hostValidation.error)
+  }
+
   const connectionConfig: mysql.ConnectionOptions = {
     host: config.host,
     port: config.port,

apps/sim/app/api/tools/neo4j/utils.ts

@@ -1,7 +1,13 @@
 import neo4j from 'neo4j-driver'
+import { validateDatabaseHost } from '@/lib/core/security/input-validation.server'
 import type { Neo4jConnectionConfig } from '@/tools/neo4j/types'
 
 export async function createNeo4jDriver(config: Neo4jConnectionConfig) {
+  const hostValidation = await validateDatabaseHost(config.host, 'host')
+  if (!hostValidation.isValid) {
+    throw new Error(hostValidation.error)
+  }
+
   const isAuraHost =
     config.host === 'databases.neo4j.io' || config.host.endsWith('.databases.neo4j.io')
 

apps/sim/app/api/tools/postgresql/delete/route.ts

@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ export async function POST(request: NextRequest) {
       `[${requestId}] Deleting data from ${params.table} on ${params.host}:${params.port}/${params.database}`
     )
 
-    const sql = createPostgresConnection({
+    const sql = await createPostgresConnection({
       host: params.host,
       port: params.port,
       database: params.database,

apps/sim/app/api/tools/postgresql/execute/route.ts

@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ export async function POST(request: NextRequest) {
       )
     }
 
-    const sql = createPostgresConnection({
+    const sql = await createPostgresConnection({
       host: params.host,
       port: params.port,
       database: params.database,

apps/sim/app/api/tools/postgresql/insert/route.ts

@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ export async function POST(request: NextRequest) {
       `[${requestId}] Inserting data into ${params.table} on ${params.host}:${params.port}/${params.database}`
     )
 
-    const sql = createPostgresConnection({
+    const sql = await createPostgresConnection({
       host: params.host,
       port: params.port,
       database: params.database,

apps/sim/app/api/tools/postgresql/introspect/route.ts

@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ export async function POST(request: NextRequest) {
       `[${requestId}] Introspecting PostgreSQL schema on ${params.host}:${params.port}/${params.database}`
     )
 
-    const sql = createPostgresConnection({
+    const sql = await createPostgresConnection({
       host: params.host,
       port: params.port,
       database: params.database,

apps/sim/app/api/tools/postgresql/query/route.ts

@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ export async function POST(request: NextRequest) {
       `[${requestId}] Executing PostgreSQL query on ${params.host}:${params.port}/${params.database}`
     )
 
-    const sql = createPostgresConnection({
+    const sql = await createPostgresConnection({
       host: params.host,
       port: params.port,
       database: params.database,

apps/sim/app/api/tools/postgresql/update/route.ts

@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ export async function POST(request: NextRequest) {
       `[${requestId}] Updating data in ${params.table} on ${params.host}:${params.port}/${params.database}`
     )
 
-    const sql = createPostgresConnection({
+    const sql = await createPostgresConnection({
       host: params.host,
       port: params.port,
       database: params.database,

apps/sim/app/api/tools/postgresql/utils.ts

@@ -1,7 +1,13 @@
 import postgres from 'postgres'
+import { validateDatabaseHost } from '@/lib/core/security/input-validation.server'
 import type { PostgresConnectionConfig } from '@/tools/postgresql/types'
 
-export function createPostgresConnection(config: PostgresConnectionConfig) {
+export async function createPostgresConnection(config: PostgresConnectionConfig) {
+  const hostValidation = await validateDatabaseHost(config.host, 'host')
+  if (!hostValidation.isValid) {
+    throw new Error(hostValidation.error)
+  }
+
   const sslConfig =
     config.ssl === 'disabled'
       ? false

apps/sim/app/api/tools/redis/execute/route.ts

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import Redis from 'ioredis'
 import { type NextRequest, NextResponse } from 'next/server'
 import { z } from 'zod'
 import { checkInternalAuth } from '@/lib/auth/hybrid'
+import { validateDatabaseHost } from '@/lib/core/security/input-validation.server'
 
 const logger = createLogger('RedisAPI')
 
@@ -24,6 +25,16 @@ export async function POST(request: NextRequest) {
     const body = await request.json()
     const { url, command, args } = RequestSchema.parse(body)
 
+    const parsedUrl = new URL(url)
+    const hostname =
+      parsedUrl.hostname.startsWith('[') && parsedUrl.hostname.endsWith(']')
+        ? parsedUrl.hostname.slice(1, -1)
+        : parsedUrl.hostname
+    const hostValidation = await validateDatabaseHost(hostname, 'host')
+    if (!hostValidation.isValid) {
+      return NextResponse.json({ error: hostValidation.error }, { status: 400 })
+    }
+
     client = new Redis(url, {
       connectTimeout: 10000,
       commandTimeout: 10000,

apps/sim/app/api/workspaces/[id]/notifications/[notificationId]/test/route.ts

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import {
 } from '@/components/emails'
 import { getSession } from '@/lib/auth'
 import { decryptSecret } from '@/lib/core/security/encryption'
+import { secureFetchWithValidation } from '@/lib/core/security/input-validation.server'
 import { getBaseUrl } from '@/lib/core/utils/urls'
 import { sendEmail } from '@/lib/messaging/email/mailer'
 import { getUserEntityPermissions } from '@/lib/workspaces/permissions/utils'
@@ -135,18 +136,18 @@ async function testWebhook(subscription: typeof workspaceNotificationSubscriptio
     headers['sim-signature'] = `t=${timestamp},v1=${signature}`
   }
 
-  const controller = new AbortController()
-  const timeoutId = setTimeout(() => controller.abort(), 10000)
-
   try {
-    const response = await fetch(webhookConfig.url, {
-      method: 'POST',
-      headers,
-      body,
-      signal: controller.signal,
-    })
-
-    clearTimeout(timeoutId)
+    const response = await secureFetchWithValidation(
+      webhookConfig.url,
+      {
+        method: 'POST',
+        headers,
+        body,
+        timeout: 10000,
+        allowHttp: true,
+      },
+      'webhookUrl'
+    )
     const responseBody = await response.text().catch(() => '')
 
     return {
@@ -157,12 +158,10 @@ async function testWebhook(subscription: typeof workspaceNotificationSubscriptio
       timestamp: new Date().toISOString(),
     }
   } catch (error: unknown) {
-    clearTimeout(timeoutId)
-    const err = error as Error & { name?: string }
-    if (err.name === 'AbortError') {
-      return { success: false, error: 'Request timeout after 10 seconds' }
-    }
-    return { success: false, error: err.message }
+    logger.warn('Webhook test failed', {
+      error: error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error),
+    })
+    return { success: false, error: 'Failed to deliver webhook' }
   }
 }
 
@@ -268,13 +267,15 @@ async function testSlack(
 
     return {
       success: result.ok,
-      error: result.error,
+      error: result.ok ? undefined : `Slack error: ${result.error || 'unknown'}`,
       channel: result.channel,
       timestamp: new Date().toISOString(),
     }
   } catch (error: unknown) {
-    const err = error as Error
-    return { success: false, error: err.message }
+    logger.warn('Slack test notification failed', {
+      error: error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error),
+    })
+    return { success: false, error: 'Failed to send Slack notification' }
   }
 }