chore: Update Python and Rust dependencies

[dbrattli]

Summary

• Update pytest 8→9, ruff 0.11→0.15, maturin 1.8→1.12
• Update Rust crate versions (pyo3, chrono, bumpalo, cc, etc.)
• Regenerate lock files (uv.lock, Cargo.lock)

Test plan

• CI passes (Python tests, Rust extension build)

🤖 Generated with Claude Code

[github-actions]

Python Type Checking Results (Pyright)

Metric	Value
Total errors	18
Files with errors	4
Excluded files	4
New errors	✅ No

Excluded files with errors (4 files)

These files have known type errors and are excluded from CI. Remove from pyrightconfig.ci.json as errors are fixed.

File	Errors	Status
temp/tests/Python/test_applicative.py	12	Excluded
temp/tests/Python/test_hash_set.py	3	Excluded
temp/tests/Python/test_nested_and_recursive_pattern.py	2	Excluded
temp/tests/Python/fable_modules/thoth_json_python/encode.py	1	Excluded