[fix](arrow-flight) Support table type metadata and filters

[hutiefang76]

What problem does this PR solve?

Related to #67578 (partial A3).

Flight SQL clients can obtain FlightInfo for GetTableTypes, but reading its ticket fails with UNIMPLEMENTED. GetTables also forwards only the first table_types entry to a service that treats only VIEW as a filter: [VIEW, BASE TABLE] loses base tables, while [BASE TABLE] or an unknown type can return excluded rows.

Implement the type stream using the same Doris names as GetTables, sorted according to Flight SQL. Match the complete filter against the existing authorized listing before collecting optional schemas. Request only name/type metadata to avoid unused table statistics, and retain the session guard and Arrow buffer cleanup on failed sends.

Release note

Flight SQL clients can enumerate supported table types and filter table metadata by multiple types accurately.

Check List (For Author)

• Test:
  • Unit Test: 30 passed via run-fe-ut.sh, including 19 new regression cases and 11 existing producer/schema cases.
  • Baseline: the 19 new cases produced 15 failures/errors on unmodified master, reproducing UNIMPLEMENTED and incorrect filtering.
  • Coverage includes both schema modes, filter order, unknown/duplicate types, external catalog propagation, serialized column alignment and repeated success/failure buffer cleanup.
  • FE Checkstyle: 0 violations.
  • SQL/Flight JDBC regression: test_table_types_over_arrow_flight, 1 suite passed via the official regression runner. SQL DDL and metadata RPCs ran against a real test FE with the built-in mocked BE.
  • No native-BE/data-scan cluster or ADBC driver test was run.
• Behavior changed: Yes. GetTableTypes now returns BASE TABLE, SYSTEM VIEW and VIEW. Empty type filters retain all authorized tables; unknown-only filters return no rows.
• Does this need documentation: No new configuration or API schema.

Validation command (JDK 17, matching Thrift 0.24.0 compiler):

bash run-fe-ut.sh --run org.apache.doris.arrowflight.FlightSqlTableTypesTest,org.apache.doris.arrowflight.FlightSqlSchemaHelperTableTypesTest,org.apache.doris.arrowflight.DorisFlightSqlProducerTest,org.apache.doris.arrowflight.FlightSqlSchemaHelperArrowTypeTest

[hello-stephen]

Thank you for your contribution to Apache Doris.
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Please clearly describe your PR:

1. What problem was fixed (it's best to include specific error reporting information). How it was fixed.
2. Which behaviors were modified. What was the previous behavior, what is it now, why was it modified, and what possible impacts might there be.
3. What features were added. Why was this function added?
4. Which code was refactored and why was this part of the code refactored?
5. Which functions were optimized and what is the difference before and after the optimization?

[yiguolei]

Could you please also add a sql based regression test using arrow flight ?

[hutiefang76]

Added in 4937418.

Added test_table_types_over_arrow_flight under arrow_flight_sql_p0. It creates a base table and a view over Arrow Flight SQL, then consumes DatabaseMetaData.getTableTypes() and getTables() through the Flight JDBC driver. The checks cover unfiltered requests, individual types, both multi-type orders, and unknown/duplicate types, including catalog/schema values.

Validation: the official regression runner passed the new suite (1 run, 0 failures/skips). Locally I used Doris's test FE with real MySQL/Flight services and its built-in mocked BE; this exercises SQL DDL and the metadata RPCs, but is not a native-BE/data-scan integration run. The 30 existing focused FE tests also pass.

bash run-regression-test.sh --run -d arrow_flight_sql_p0 -s test_table_types_over_arrow_flight -g arrow_flight_sql