chore(deps): update dependency brace-expansion@<2 to v2 [security] by renovate[bot] · Pull Request #802 · ForgeRock/ping-javascript-sdk

renovate · 2026-09-03T16:37:58Z

This PR contains the following updates:

Package	Change	Age	Confidence
brace-expansion@<2	`~1.1.15` → `~2.1.2`

brace-expansion: DoS via exponential-time expansion of consecutive non-expanding {} groups

CVE-2026-13149 / GHSA-3jxr-9vmj-r5cp

More information

Details

Summary

brace-expansion's expand() exhibits exponential-time - O(2ⁿ) - behavior in the number of consecutive non-expanding {} groups. A short, all-ASCII input (~90 bytes/30 groups) blocks the calling thread for minutes; a slightly longer input hangs it effectively indefinitely. Because the dominant consumers run on Node's single-threaded event loop, one small input can fully stall a worker/process.

In expand_, post is computed unconditionally at the top of the function, before the early-return branches that don't use it:

const post = m.post.length ? expand_(m.post, max, false) : [''];   // always recurses
  ...
if (!isSequence && !isOptions) {
  if (m.post.match(/,(?!,).*\}/)) {
    str = m.pre + '{' + m.body + escClose + m.post;
    return expand_(str, max, true); // restart — `post` discarded
  }
  return [str];
}

For input like a{},{},…, the first {} is non-expanding, so control reaches the {a},b} rewrite branch - but expand_ has already recursed into post over the entire remaining tail, only to throw the result away.
Each level therefore spawns two recursive expansions over essentially the same remaining work: T(n) = 2·T(n−1) ⇒ O(2ⁿ).

The max option does not mitigate this: max only bounds the output-building loops; neither the post recursion nor the rewrite recursion consults it.

Measured on 5.0.6:

groups (n)	input bytes	time
20	60	130 ms
24	72	1.9 s
26	78	7.8 s
30 (PoC)	90	~2 min

Proof of concept

const { expand } = require('brace-expansion');
// 30 non-expanding groups, ~90 bytes — blocks for minutes:
expand('a{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{}');

Impact

Any application that passes attacker-influenced strings to brace-expansion.expand() - directly or transitively via minimatch/glob brace patterns - can be driven into a multi-minute-to-indefinite CPU hang by a tiny request, denying service on that thread/process.

Remediation

Upgrade to a patched release. The fix:

Defers computing post until after the early-return branches (and computes it locally in the $-suffix branch), so post is only expanded when a brace set actually expands and the value is used. This alone removes the exponential.
Converts the {a},b} rewrite from recursion to an in-function loop, so a long run of rewrites cannot grow the call stack.

Verified: the PoC drops from ~2 min to 0.55 ms, 5,000 groups complete in ~344 ms, and output is identical to 5.0.6 across a behavioral-equivalence suite (sequences, padding, $-prefix, a{},b}c, {},a}b, x{{a,b}}y, etc.). Post-fix complexity is ~O(n²) on this input class - acceptable for the security fix; a linear rewrite can be a non-urgent follow-up.

If immediate upgrade isn't possible, avoid passing untrusted input to expand() / glob brace patterns, or run such expansion under a timeout/worker.

Severity

CVSS Score: 7.7 / 10 (High)
Vector String: CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P/S:N/AU:Y/R:U/V:D/RE:M/U:Amber

References

This data is provided by the GitHub Advisory Database (CC-BY 4.0).

Release Notes

juliangruber/brace-expansion (brace-expansion@<2)

`v2.1.2`

Compare Source

`v2.1.1`

Compare Source

Backport v5.0.6 change to v2 (#109) c3a817c

pkg: publish on tag 2.x 14f1d91
fmt ed7780a
Fix potential ReDoS Vulnerability or Inefficient Regular Expression (#65) 36603d5

`v2.0.1`

Compare Source

`v2.0.0`

Compare Source

`v1.1.18`

Compare Source

`v1.1.17`

Compare Source

`v1.1.16`

Compare Source

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changeset-bot · 2026-09-03T16:38:05Z

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commit: 706aeea

github-actions · 2026-09-03T16:45:10Z

Deployed 9f6d61e to https://ForgeRock.github.io/ping-javascript-sdk/pr-802/9f6d61e8821fc7daba3b8dcc74e0254cd547845f branch gh-pages in ForgeRock/ping-javascript-sdk

github-actions · 2026-09-03T16:45:22Z

📦 Bundle Size Analysis

🆕 New Packages

🆕 @forgerock/device-client - 0.0 KB (new)
🆕 @forgerock/device-client - 10.0 KB (new)
🆕 @forgerock/journey-client - 0.0 KB (new)
🆕 @forgerock/journey-client - 92.6 KB (new)

➖ No Changes

➖ @forgerock/sdk-types - 9.1 KB
➖ @forgerock/recognize - 4284.4 KB
➖ @forgerock/oidc-client - 35.5 KB
➖ @forgerock/storage - 1.5 KB
➖ @forgerock/iframe-manager - 3.2 KB
➖ @forgerock/sdk-logger - 1.6 KB
➖ @forgerock/sdk-oidc - 5.7 KB
➖ @forgerock/sdk-request-middleware - 4.6 KB
➖ @forgerock/sdk-utilities - 18.8 KB
➖ @forgerock/protect - 144.6 KB
➖ @forgerock/davinci-client - 59.7 KB

15 packages analyzed • Baseline from latest main build

Legend

🆕 New package
🔺 Size increased
🔻 Size decreased
➖ No change

ℹ️ How bundle sizes are calculated

Current Size: Total gzipped size of all files in the package's dist directory
Baseline: Comparison against the latest build from the main branch
Files included: All build outputs except source maps and TypeScript build cache
Exclusions: .map, .tsbuildinfo, and .d.ts.map files

_{🔄 Updated automatically on each push to this PR}

codecov-commenter · 2026-09-03T16:45:27Z

Codecov Report

✅ All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests.
✅ Project coverage is 24.11%. Comparing base (eafe277) to head (706aeea).
⚠️ Report is 127 commits behind head on main.

❌ Your project status has failed because the head coverage (24.11%) is below the target coverage (40.00%). You can increase the head coverage or adjust the target coverage.

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main     #802      +/-   ##
==========================================
+ Coverage   18.07%   24.11%   +6.03%     
==========================================
  Files         155      163       +8     
  Lines       24398    25797    +1399     
  Branches     1203     1687     +484     
==========================================
+ Hits         4410     6221    +1811     
+ Misses      19988    19576     -412

see 24 files with indirect coverage changes

🚀 New features to boost your workflow:

❄️ Test Analytics: Detect flaky tests, report on failures, and find test suite problems.

renovate Bot added the dependencies label Sep 3, 2026

renovate Bot force-pushed the renovate/npm-brace-expansion-2-vulnerability branch from 2173ef8 to e05e27b Compare September 3, 2026 16:41

renovate Bot changed the title ~~chore(deps): update dependency brace-expansion@<2 to v5 [security]~~ chore(deps): update dependency brace-expansion@<2 to v2 [security] Sep 3, 2026

renovate Bot force-pushed the renovate/npm-brace-expansion-2-vulnerability branch from e05e27b to 8aad040 Compare September 3, 2026 21:56

renovate Bot changed the title ~~chore(deps): update dependency brace-expansion@<2 to v2 [security]~~ chore(deps): update dependency brace-expansion@<2 to v5 [security] Sep 3, 2026

chore(deps): update dependency brace-expansion@<2 to v2 [security]

706aeea

renovate Bot force-pushed the renovate/npm-brace-expansion-2-vulnerability branch from 8aad040 to 706aeea Compare September 3, 2026 21:58

renovate Bot changed the title ~~chore(deps): update dependency brace-expansion@<2 to v5 [security]~~ chore(deps): update dependency brace-expansion@<2 to v2 [security] Sep 3, 2026

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brace-expansion: DoS via exponential-time expansion of consecutive non-expanding {} groups

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